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The Falloux Laws were voted during the French Second Republic and promulgated on 15 March 1850 and in 1851, following the presidential election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in December 1848 and the May 1849 legislative elections that gave a majority to the conservative Parti de l'Ordre. Named for the Minister of Education Alfred de Falloux, they mainly aimed at promoting Catholic teaching. The Falloux Law of 15 March 1850 also extended the requirements of the Guizot Law of 1833, which had mandated a boys' school in each commune of more than 500 inhabitants, to require a girls' school in those communes. The 1851 law created a mixed system, in which some primary education establishments were public and controlled by the state and others were under the supervision of Catholic congregations. The new law opened an era of cooperation between Church and state that lasted until the Ferry laws reversed course in 1879. The Falloux laws provided universal primary schooling in France and expanded opportunities for secondary schooling. In practice, the curricula in Catholic and state schools were similar. Catholic schools were especially useful in schooling for girls, which had long been neglected.〔Patrick J. Harrigan, "Church, State, and Education in France From the Falloux to the Ferry Laws: A Reassessment," ''Canadian Journal of History,'' (2001) 36#1 pp 51-83〕 == Main dispositions == The main objectives of the Falloux Laws was to replace the revolutionary and imperial system, which had placed the whole of the education system under the supervision of the University and of state-formed teachers, accused of spreading Republicans and anti-clerical ideas, by a system giving back to the clergy the responsibility of education. This aim was largely achieved, the Falloux Law creating a mixed system, public (and mostly secular) on one hand, and private and Catholic on the other hand. This law provided that the clergy and members of ecclesiastical orders, male and female, might exercise the profession of teaching without producing any further qualification. This exemption was extended even to priests who taught in secondary schools, where a university degree was demanded from lay teachers. The primary schools were put under the management of the curés. The Falloux Law created one academy by department, decentralizing University and thus strengthening the notables' local influence. It reorganized the Superior Council of Education and academical councils, specifically by giving a large place to representants of various religions, above all of Roman Catholicism. Eight University members sieged at the Superior Council of Public Instruction, alongside seven religious representants (including four Catholics), three state counsellors, three members of the Institute, and three members representing "free" (i.e. private) teaching establishments. Similarly, bishops were included in the academical councils. Primary and secondary education were divided between state establishments, and private establishments, headed by non-profit organizations or religious congregations. Supervision of schools was placed between the double authority of the mayor and the priest. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Falloux Laws」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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